Article 15. On the expiration of the term of the present concession, all materials, buildings and apparatuses then used by the company for the exploitation of its industry shall become the property of the said Government, and the company shall have no right to any indemnity in this connection. ماده ۱۵. با انقضای مدت این امتیاز، کلیه ساختمان‌ها و دستگاه‌هایی که شرکت برای بهره‌برداری از صنعت خود استفاده می‌کند، به مالکیت دولت ایران در می‌آید و شرکت در این رابطه حق دریافت غرامت ندارند. Article 16. If within the term of two years as from the present date the concessionnaire shall not have established the first said companies authorised by Article 9 of the present agreement, the present concession shall become null and void ماده ۱۶. اگر در مدت دو سال از تاریخ کنونی، صاحب امتیاز اولین شرکت‌های مذکور را که طبق ماده ۹ این موافقتنامه مجاز است تأسیس نکند، امتیاز حاضر باطل می‌شود. Article 17. In the event of there arising between the parties to the present concession any dispute of difference in respect of its interpretation or the rights or responsibilities of one or the other of the parties therefrom resulting, such dispute or difference shall be submitted to two arbitrators at Tehran, one of whom shall be named by each of the parties, and to an umpire who shall be appointed by the arbitrators before the proceed to arbitrate. The decision of the arbitrators or, in the event of the latter disagreeing, that of the umpire shall be final. ماده ۱۷. در صورت بروز اختلاف بین طرفین امتیاز حاضر در مورد تفسیر آن یا حقوق یا مسئولیت‌های یکی از طرفین آن، چنین اختلافی به دو داور در تهران تسلیم می‌شود که یکی از آنها توسط هر یک از طرفین تعیین می‌شود و آنها یک داور نهایی انتخاب می‌کنند که حکم او قطعیت خواهد داشت. Article 18. This Act of Concession, made in duplicate, is written in the French language and translated into Persian with the same meaning. But, in the event of there being any dispute in relation to such meaning, the French text shall alone prevail ماده ۱۸. امتیازنامه در دو نسخه به زبان فرانسوی نوشته شده و به فارسی نیز ترجمه شده‌است. در صورت وجود هرگونه اختلاف معنایی، متن فرانسوی غالب خواهد بود. Gelvin, James L. The Modern Middle East: A History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. pp. 164-167.

Article 10. It shall be stipulated in the contract between the concessionnaire, of the one part, and the company, of the other part, that the latter is, within the term of one month as from the date of the formation of the first exploitation company, to pay the Imperial Persian Government the sum of 20,000 sterling in cash, and an additional sum of 20,000 sterling in paid-up shares of the first company founded by virtue of the foregoing article. It shall also pay the said Government annually a sum equal to 16 per cent of the annual net profits of any company or companies that may be formed in accordance with the said article. ماده ۱۰. در قرارداد بین صاحب امتیاز از یک طرف و شرکت از طرف دیگر مقرر می‌شود که ظرف مدت یک ماه از تاریخ تشکیل اولین شرکت بهره‌برداری به دولت شاهنشاهی ایران مبلغ ۲۰۰۰۰ استرلینگ نقدی و مبلغ اضافی ۲۰۰۰۰ لیره سهام پرداخت شود. همچنین سالانه معادل ۱۶ درصد سود خالص سالانه هر شرکت یا شرکتهایی که طبق ماده مذکور تشکیل می‌شود به دولت مذکور پرداخت شود. Article 11. The said Government shall be free to appoint an Imperial Commissioner, who shall be consulted by the concessionnaire and the directors of the companies to be formed. He shall supply all and any useful information at his disposal, and he shall inform them of the best course to be adopted in the interest of the undertaking. He shall establish, by agreement with the concessionnaire, such supervision as he may deem expedient to safeguard the interests of the Imperial Government. The aforesaid powers of the Imperial Commissioner shall be set forth in the "statutes" of the companies created. The concessionnaire shall pay the Commissioner thus appointed an annual sum of 1,000 sterling for his services as from the date of the formation of the first company. ماده ۱۱. یک ناظر از طرف دولت تعیین می‌شود که صاحب امتیاز و مدیران شرکت‌هایی که قرار است تشکیل شوند، با او مشورت کنند. او باید همه و هر اطلاعات مفیدی را که در اختیار دارد ارائه کند و آنها را از بهترین مسیری که به نفع تعهد اتخاذ می‌شود آگاه کند. او با توافق با صاحب امتیاز، نظارتی را که برای حفظ منافع دولت شاهنشاهی مصلحت بداند ایجاد کند. اختیارات یادشده ناظر در «اساسنامه» شرکت‌های ایجاد شده مشخص می‌شود. صاحب امتیاز باید از تاریخ تشکیل اولین شرکت مبلغ سالانه ۱۰۰۰ لیره به‌عنوان حق‌الزحمه به ناظر پرداخت کند. Article 12. The workmen employed in the service of the company shall be subject to His Imperial Majesty the Shah, except the technical staff, such as the managers, engineers, borers and foremen. ماده ۱۲. کارگران شاغل در خدمت شرکت ایرانی خواهند بود، مگر کادر فنی از قبیل مدیران، مهندسان، محافظان و سرکارگران. Article 13. At any place in which it may be proved that the inhabitants of the country now obtain petroleum for their own use, the company must supply them gratuitously with the quantity of petroleum that they themselves got previously. Such quantity shall be fixed according to their own declarations, subject to the supervision of the local authority. ماده ۱۳. در هر جایی که ساکنان کشور برای مصارف روزانه خود نفت استخراج می‌کنند، شرکت باید معادل آن نفت را رایگان به آنها عرضه بدهد. این مقدار باید طبق اظهارات خود آنها با نظارت مقامات محلی تعیین شود. Article 14. The Imperial Government binds itself to take all and any necessary measures to secure the safety and the carrying out of the object of this concession of the plant and of the apparatuses, of which mention is made, for the purposes of the undertaking of the company, and to protect the representatives, agents and servants of the company. The Imperial Government having thus fulfilled its engagements, the concessionnaire and the companies created by him shall not have power, under any pretext whatever, to claim damages from the Persian Government. ماده ۱۴. دولت شاهنشاهی خود را متعهد می‌سازد که تمام اقدامات لازم را برای تضمین ایمنی و اجرای هدف این امتیاز کارخانه و دستگاه‌هایی که به آنها اشاره می‌شود، اتخاذ کند. اهداف شرکت و حمایت از نمایندگان، و خدمتگزاران شرکت. دولت شاهنشاهی پس از انجام تعهدات خود، صاحب امتیاز و شرکت‌های ایجاد شده توسط وی، به هر بهانه ای قدرت مطالبه خسارت از دولت ایران را نخواهند داشت.

گفته بودم نویسنده فرم یه پرسش دومی هم راجع به هارپ داشت که برای قاطی نشدن بحث ها فعلا جوابش را نمیذارم. اما توضیح بیشتر این که ما در واقع در مورد پروژه هایی از نوع ( High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program) فقط عنوان یه کتاب را معرفی کردیم و تو بحث استفاده از انرژی هیدروالکتریک گفتیم: 1- هدف اصلی سد سازی ها در اغلب کشورها از جمله ایران تولید برق از آب پشت سدها نیست بلکه ذخیره سازی و مدیریت آب برای مصارف کشاورزی، صنعتی و شهری هست. اگر کشوری ( خر بشه) و به اندازۀ کافی سد نسازه نه میتونه جلوی خسارت های سیلابهای ناشی از حتی بارشهای فصلی را بگیره و نه میتونه آبی برای فصل های کم بارش ذخیره کنه ولی وقتی سد ساخته و آب گیری هم شده باشد و برای هر مصرفی دریچه هاش را باز کنید یه جریان پر قدرت آب دارید که معمولا سر راهش توربین آبی قرار داده میشه و ازش برق تولید میشه که مقدار این برق بسته به ارتفاع سد و حجم مخزن میتونه خیلی خیلی زیاد باشه. 2- تمام آب پشت تمام سدهای دنیا از بارش های بالا دست رودخانه هایی که آبشون به دریاچه (یا مخزن) پشت سد (=حوزه آبریز سد) میریزه تامین میشه و به همین دلیل سالهاست که که پروژه های سد سازی همه جای دنیا با پروژهای بارورسازی ابرها ارتباط مستقیم دارند. در ایران هم اولین قرار دادها برای اجرای پروژهای بارورسازی ابرها سال 1353 (که هنوز سدها را هم تو ایران پیمانکارهای خارجی میساختند) به عنوان بخشی از قرارداد نگهداری با یک شرکت کانادیی بسته شد و این شرکت هم کارهاش را با یک هواپیما و تعدادی ژنراتور زمینی روی کوه های حوزه آبریز سد کرج و جاجرود شروع کرد ولی تا 1357 که ایران بود هیچ گزارشی از این که با چه روش هایی چیکار کرده و چقدر اثرگذار بوده به ایران نداد (اصلا انتقال تکنولوژی جز قراردادش نبودو پروژه را هم از سازنده سد نه ایران گرفته بود). 3- از 1357 (=1979) که شرکتهای خارجی جمع کردند رفتند مركز ملی باروری ابرها با ایرانی هایی که در جریان پروژها بودند تشکیل شد و بودجه اش هم بخشی از بودجه نگهداری سد لتیان بود. اما موضوع بارور سازی ابرها رفته رفته از یک موضوع تحقیقاتی به یک موضوع حیاتی تبدیل شد، چرا؟ چون تقریبا تمام همسایه های ایران (حتی مثلا امارت) هر سال بیشتر از سالهای قبل در حال چلاندن ابرهایی که برای رسیدن به ایران از خاکشون عبور میکردند با هر تکنولوژی که گیرشون بیاد بوده و هستند بگذریم از این که طبق آمارهای سال 1401 شرکت مدیریت منابع آب ایران هر سال ده هزار میلیارد مترمکعب آب که تکنولوژیهای موجود قابلیت تبدیل‌شدن به بارش در ایران دارند، مفت و مجانی از آسمان کشور خارج می‌شوند (در حالی که که بارورکردن ابر‌ها یکی از روش‌های پربازده و ارزان برای مقابله با خشکسالی بوده و نسبت به تمام راهکار دیگر کمترین آسیب‌های زیست‌محیطی را به همراه دارد) 4- سال 1375 مرکز ملی تحقیقات و مطالعات باروری ابرها (زیر نظر وزارت نیرو) در یزد تأسیس و از سال 1386 آغاز به کار کرد. دو تا آنتونوف ۲۶ با تجهیزات شلیک پیروپاترون‌های یدید نقره و تزریق نیتروژن مایع خرید و از سال 1377 طرح 5 ساله برای باروری ابرها (یزد-1، یزد-2، یزد-3 ، یزد-4 و یزد-5)، اجرا کرد. (سه صفحه دیگه هم بنویسم تمام نمیشه ولی هر وقت حوصله داشتم مینویسم).

در اجلاس سالانه تغییرات اقلیمی در امارات کشورهای زیر متعهد شدند تا سال ٢٠۵٠ تولید انرژی هسته ای خود را به عنوان یک سوخت پاک و عاری از کربن سه برابر کنند: رومانی فنلاند چک اسلواکی کره جنوبی سوئد فرانسه امارات کانادا آمريکا اوکراین انگلیس لهستان بلغارستان ژاپن بلژیک

US Department of Energy At COP28, Countries Launch Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050, Recognizing the Key Role of Nuclear Energy in Reaching Net Zero December 1, 2023 Declaration Recognizes the Key Role of Nuclear Energy in Keeping Within Reach the Goal of Limiting Temperature Rise to 1.5 Degrees Celsius DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES — During the World Climate Action Summit of the 28th Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change today, more than 20 countries from four continents launched the Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy. The Declaration recognizes the key role of nuclear energy in achieving global net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and keeping the 1.5-degree goal within reach. Core elements of the declaration include working together to advance a goal of tripling nuclear energy capacity globally by 2050 and inviting shareholders of international financial institutions to encourage the inclusion of nuclear energy in energy lending policies. Endorsing countries include the United States, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Ghana, Hungary, Japan, Republic of Korea, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, and United Kingdom. The full text of the Declaration is below. Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy 02 December 2023 Recognizing the key role of nuclear energy in achieving global net-zero greenhouse gas emissions / carbon neutrality by or around mid-century and in keeping a 1.5°C limit on temperature rise within reach and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7; Recognizing the importance of the applications of nuclear science and technology that contribute to monitoring climate change and tackling its impacts, and emphasizing the work of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in this regard; Recognizing that nuclear energy is already the second-largest source of clean dispatchable baseload power, with benefits for energy security; Recognizing that analyses from the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and World Nuclear Association show that global installed nuclear energy capacity must triple by 2050 in order to reach global net-zero emissions by the same year; Recognizing that analysis from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change shows nuclear energy approximately tripling its global installed electrical capacity from 2020 to 2050 in the average 1.5°C scenario; Recognizing that analysis from the International Energy Agency shows nuclear power more than doubling from 2020 to 2050 in global net-zero emissions by 2050 scenarios and shows that decreasing nuclear power would make reaching net zero more difficult and costly; Recognizing that new nuclear technologies could occupy a small land footprint and can be sited where needed, partner well with renewable energy sources, and have additional flexibilities that support decarbonization beyond the power sector, including hard-to-abate industrial sectors; Recognizing the IAEA’s activities in supporting its Member States, upon request, to include nuclear power in their national energy planning in a sustainable way that adheres to the highest standards of safety, security, and safeguards and its “Atoms4NetZero” initiative as an opportunity for stakeholders to exchange expertise; Recognizing the importance of financing for the additional nuclear power capacity needed to keep a 1.5°C limit on temperature rise within reach; Recognizing the need for high-level political engagement to spur further action on nuclear power; The Participants in this pledge: Commit to work together to advance a global aspirational goal of tripling nuclear energy capacity from 2020 by 2050, recognizing the different domestic circumstances of each Participant; Commit to take domestic actions to ensure nuclear power plants are operated responsibly and in line with the highest standards of safety, sustainability, security, and non-proliferation, and that fuel waste is responsibly managed for the long term;

22 Countries Pledge to Triple Nuclear Capacity in Push to Cut Fossil Fuels The group, including Britain, France and the United States, said the agreement was critical to meeting nations’ climate commitments. By Jenny Gross Reporting from COP28 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates Dec. 2, 2023 The United States and 21 other countries pledged on Saturday at the United Nations climate summit in Dubai to triple nuclear energy capacity by 2050, saying the revival of nuclear power was critical for cutting carbon emissions to near zero in the coming decades. Proponents of nuclear energy, which supplies 18 percent of electricity in the United States, say it is a clean, safe and reliable complement to wind and solar energy. But a significant hurdle is funding. Last month, a developer of small nuclear reactors in Idaho said it was canceling a project that had been expected to be part of a new wave of power plants. The cost of building the reactors had risen to $9.3 billion from $5.3 billion because of increasing interest rates and inflation. Britain, Canada, France, Ghana, South Korea, Sweden and the United Arab Emirates were among the 22 countries that signed the declaration to triple capacity from 2020 levels. Tripling nuclear energy capacity by 2050, which would also help Europe reduce its dependence on Russia oil and gas, would require significant investment. In advanced economies, which have nearly 70 percent of global nuclear capacity, investment has stalled as construction costs have soared, projects have run over budget and faced delays. On top of cost, another hurdle to expanding nuclear capacity is that plants are slower to build than many other forms of power. Addressing the issue of financing, John Kerry, President Biden’s climate envoy, said that there were “trillions of dollars” available that could be used for investment in nuclear. “We are not making the argument to anybody that this is absolutely going to be the sweeping alternative to every other energy source — no, that’s not what brings us here,” he said. But, he added, the science has shown that “you can’t get to net-zero 2050 without some nuclear.” Nuclear power does not emit carbon, and an International Energy Agency report last year said that nuclear was crucial to helping to reduce carbon emissions in line with the Paris Agreement goals outlined in 2015. President Emmanuel Macron of France said nuclear energy, including small modular reactors, was an “indispensable solution” to efforts to curb climate change. France, Europe’s biggest producer of nuclear power, gets about 70 percent of its own electricity from nuclear stations. Mr. Macron and other leaders, including Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson of Sweden, called on the World Bank and international financial institutions to help finance nuclear projects. Mr. Kristersson said that governments must “assume a role in sharing the financial risks to strengthen the conditions and provide additional incentives for investments in nuclear energy.” While world leaders on Saturday called nuclear the most effective alternative to fossil fuels, some climate activists said nuclear energy was not a panacea. David Tong, a researcher at Oil Change International, said the pledge was divorced from the reality of nuclear energy — that it was too costly and too slow. “It’s a self-serving political pledge that doesn’t reflect the role that nuclear is likely to play in the energy transition, which is menial,” he said. “There is very small growth in nuclear — certainly nothing like tripling.”

He said he rejected the stance that there was no pathway to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, a goal set in the Paris Agreement to avoid the worst effects of global warming, without nuclear. Masayoshi Iyoda, an activist from Japan with 350.org, an international climate action campaign, cited the nuclear disaster at Fukushima in 2011 and said that nuclear power was a dangerous distraction from decarbonization goals. “It is simply too costly, too risky, too undemocratic, and too time-consuming,” he said in a statement. “We already have cheaper, safer, democratic, and faster solutions to the climate crisis, and they are renewable energy and energy efficiency,” Mr. Iyoda said. All but four of the 31 reactors that have begun construction since 2017 were designed by Russia or China, with China poised to become the leading nuclear power producer by 2030, the International Energy Agency said. This year, Germany shut its last three nuclear plants. Nuclear capacity rose in the 1980s, particularly in Europe and North America, but dropped sharply over the subsequent years after accidents at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania in 1979 and Chernobyl in 1986. New technology and tighter regulations have been put in place since then. Americans are conflicted about nuclear power, but a growing number favor expansion compared with a few years ago, according to a Pew Research Center study published in August. Jenny Gross is a general assignment reporter. Before joining The Times, she covered British politics for The Wall Street Journal. More about Jenny Gross

رتبه ۶ ایران در آلایندگی تولید کربن 🔹معاون امورجنگل سازمان منابع طبیعی: جز کشور صنعتی هستیم که تولید کربن بالایی دارند. طبق آخرین آمار به رتبه ششم جهان در تولید کربن رسیده‌ایم. @TasnimNews

6 تا هزیان واقعی در 1 دقیقه و 11 ثانیه: 1). بله گسترش کشاورزی و باغداری و درختکاری و جنگلکاری چمنکاری و گلکاری و حتی سبزه سبز کردن هزار تا فایده داره یکیش این هست که فرایند فتوسنتز توسط گیاهان به معنی جذب C02 از هوا و تبدیل C به ساقه و تنه و برگ و میوۀ گیاه و آزاد شدن اکسیژن (02) هست اما موقعی که از انتشار C02 آمار میدن فقط انتشار در مصارف صنعتی و خانگی و ... را براتون فاکتور میکنند نه جذب بخش کشاورزی را !!! 5 تا بعدی را بلدید؟!

حالت، ابوالقاسم. زباله ها و نخاله ها: مجموعه مقالات طنز آمیز. تهران: انتشارات گوتنبرگ، 2536 (1356).

📖 حالت، ابوالقاسم. زباله ها و نخاله ها: مجموعه مقالات طنز آمیز. تهران: انتشارات گوتنبرگ، 2536 (1356).