عباس عراقچی، معاون وقت وزارت امور خارجه در ۲۵ آبان ۹۵ : آیا بهتر نیست به جای خودکفایی در تولید گندم، آن را از قزاقستان وارد کنیم؟! الان قزاقستان مرکز تولید گندم دنیاست؛ می‌توان با راه‌آهن در حال تأسیس بین ایران و قزاقستان و با کمترین هزینه، هر مقدار گندم را که نیاز هست وارد کنیم!

زیباکلام: همین بحث (ابلهانه) را من در مورد گندم هم دارم من معتقدم تولید گندم به خودکفایی گندم رسیدن خطاست چه آقای هاشمی رفسنجانی این کار را بکنه، چه آقای خاتمی این کار را بکنه ...

Kazakhstan Imposes Quota on Wheat Exports Regional integration is often touted as a logical solution to problems like food insecurity, but it won’t necessarily solve a region-wide problem. By Catherine Putz April 19, 2022 Last week, Kazakhstan announced temporary quotas on exports of wheat and wheat flour, heightening regional concerns about food supplies. The quotas, which went into effect on April 15, will be in place until at least June 15 and limit exports of wheat grain to 1 million tonnes and wheat flour to 300,000 tonnes. Kazakhstan is a major global supplier of grains but an especially critical supply for its Central Asian neighbors. According to the International Grains Council (ICG), in the 2020-2021 season Kazakhstan exported an estimated 8.1 million tons (7.3 metric tons or tonnes) of wheat. In 2020, wheat accounted for more than a quarter of all Kazakh exports to Uzbekistan, for example. And in Tajikistan, Kazakh wheat is even more critical: Wheat alone accounted for more than 33 percent of all Kazakh exports to Tajikistan in 2020 and in that same year 96 percent of all the wheat Tajikistan imported came from Kazakhstan. According to RFE/RL, Tajikistan purchases nearly 1 million tons of wheat from Kazakhstan each year.

Tajikistan will face severe food shortages if Kazakhstan prolongs its wheat export restrictions beyond June 17:07, april 15Author: Asia-Plus Kazakhstan's decision to ban wheat exports is really bad news for the country’s poorer Central Asian neighbors, which get some 90 percent of their wheat imports from their northern neighbor, says an article posted on Radio Liberty’s website on April 14. Central Asian Neighbors to Feel the Pain as Kazakhstan Suspends Wheat, Flour Exports says Kazakhstan also imports relatively inexpensive wheat from Russia to use domestically and to resell to other countries. But Russia, the world’s largest wheat exporter, temporarily banned grain exports to its fellow members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) -- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, and Armenia -- in March. The Kazakh Agriculture Ministry now says it will limit wheat and flour exports to 1 million tons and 300,000 tons, respectively, for three months starting on April 15. It’s not clear if the restrictions will be extended beyond that date. The Russian government said it was suspending wheat, rye, barley, and maize exports until June 30 to “protect the domestic food market in the face of external constraints” amid harsh Western sanctions.

ماجرای پهپاد کوهرنگ چه بود؟ 🔹معاون امنیتی استاندار چهارمحال و بختیاری: پهپادی که تصویر آن منتشرشده مشغول عملیات بارورکردن ابرها بود که به‌دلیل وزش باد شدید مجبور به فرود اضطراری می‌شود. 🔸گفتنی‌ست از سال ۹۹ نمونه ایرانی پهپادهای RQ170 در ۵ نقطه از کشور وارد عملیات مبارزه با خشکسالی شده و درزمینه بارورسازی ابرها فعالیت می‌کنند. @Farsna

🎥بارورسازی ابرها با استفاده از پهپاد سماوات فرماندهی پهپادی نیروی هوافضا (شاهد ۱۶۱) ✅ @Rajanews_com

Department of Environment Islamic Republic of Iran Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (=INDC) 19 November 2015

📖 Department of Environment Islamic Republic of Iran Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (=INDC) 19 November 2015

On the basis of national capabilities, financial resources available and requirements of the national development program, taking into account GHGs emission scenarios, the Islamic Republic of Iran intends to participate by mitigating its GHGs emission in 2030 by 4% compared to the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. This level of unconditional emission reduction will be achieved through development of combined cycle power plants, renewable energies and nuclear power, as well as reduction of gas flare emissions, increasing energy efficiency in various consuming sectors, substituting high-carbon fuels with natural gas, strategic planning for utilizing low-carbon fuels, intensifying economic diversification and participation in market-based mechanisms at the national and international levels. Subject to termination and non-existence of unjust sanctions, availability of international resources in the form of financial support and technology transfer, exchange of carbon credits, accessibility of bilateral or multilateral implementation mechanisms, transfer of clean technologies as well as capacity building, the Islamic Republic of Iran has the potential of mitigating additional GHGs emission up to 8% against the BAU scenario (i.e. 12% in total).

Implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions Islamic Republic of Iran Country Report (29/2018) by María Yetano Roche, Cordelia Paetz, Carmen Dienst Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Wuppertal In cooperation with: International data and graphs: Hanna Fekete, Lisa Luna NewClimate Institute, Cologne On behalf of the German Environment Agency

Implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions Islamic Republic of Iran Country Report (29/2018) https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/implementation-of-nationally-determined-5

....The cost of implementation is expected to be around 70 billion USD, split into 17.5 billion USD for the unconditional reduction and 52.5 billion USD for the additional 8%. ... Iran signed the Paris Agreement in April 2016, but has not ratified it. The Agreement was approved by both the Iranian Cabinet of Ministers and the parliament (the Majles) who then sent it to the Guardians Council for consent to ratification. However, at the time of writing, Iran had not deposited its instrument of ratification with the Secretary-General of the United Nations (European Parliament, 2017; UNFCCC, 2017a). There are no clear indications as to when ratification will take place. Iran is a dynamic upper middle income economy and a key emitting country, ranking globally among the first dozen emitters with emissions almost as high as Germany’s (with around 800 MtCO2e, see Table 2). Moreover, Iran’s emissions are steadily increasing, in particular in the energy sector. The business as usual (BAU) scenario of Iran's INDC foresees that energy-related GHG emissions will grow 4.7% each year until 2030, which would result in an increase of GHG emissions from approximately 700 MtCO2e in 2010 to over 1,700 MtCO2e in 2030 (DoE and UNDP, 2014). The INDC’s pledges of between (unconditional) 4% and (conditional) 12% reductions against the BAU appear to be significantly lower than the mitigation potential outlined in alternative scenarios, such as in the “all policies” mitigation scenario in the NC2 and in recent academic literature Overshadowing these is the uncertainty concerning international sanctions, which act as an important barrier to transfer and exchange of technology, capacity building and investments. Paradoxically, the lifting of the sanctions could also lead to increased fossil energy supply, inefficient use and emissions. Iranian policymakers may therefore want to carefully balance growth strategies with the need to limit emissions from heightened energy demand, creating new opportunities for low-energy development. Implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions Islamic Republic of Iran Country Report (29/2018)