Troy weight is a system of units of mass that originated in 15th-century England, and is primarily used in the precious metals industry. The troy weight units are the grain, the pennyweight (24 grains), the troy ounce (20 pennyweights), and the troy pound (12 troy ounces). The troy grain is equal to the grain unit of the avoirdupois system, but the troy ounce is heavier than the avoirdupois ounce, and the troy pound is lighter than the avoirdupois pound. One troy ounce (oz t) equals exactly 31.1034768 grams. A troy ounce is a system of weights used for precious metals and gems, based on a pound of 12 ounces as opposed to the traditional 16. A troy ounce is 31.1034768 grams or 0.0311034768 kilograms.

Hanson, Neil. The Custom of the Sea. London: Endeavour Press, 2017.

📖 Hanson, Neil. The Custom of the Sea. London: Endeavour Press, 2017.

Chapter 9 When they shared out the next ration of turnip, Tom held his piece in his mouth as long as he could, but most of the moisture had already evaporated from the tin and within a few minutes it felt as rough and dry as pumice. It was all he could do to chew and swallow it. He took a handful of the boy’s hair in his left hand, holding his head still against the boards, then plunged the knife into his neck. He jerked the blade sideways, severing an artery and slicing into the windpipe, then dropped the knife and held the metal bowl against Richard’s neck.

Cannibalism at sea: the starving Victorian sailors who ate a cabin boy When, in 1884, the starving crew of the ill-fated yacht Mignonette sacrificed a man in order to survive, the horrific killing became immortalised in legal history, relates Carl Thompson On 19 May 1884 four men set sail from Southampton in a small yacht. They were professional sailors tasked with taking their vessel, the Mignonette, to its new owner in Australia. As men reared to the sea, born and raised in coastal communities, they were under no illusions as to the dangers of an ocean voyage. Yet none of the Mignonette’s crew can have anticipated the full horror that lay ahead. And they certainly could not have imagined that their voyage, and the ordeal they would endure, would leave a lasting legal and cultural legacy – a legacy that extends right down to the present day. The Mignonette’s captain, Tom Dudley, was 31 years old and a proven yachtsman. Of his crew, Ned Brooks and mate Edwin Stephens were likewise seasoned sailors. The final crew-member, cabin boy Richard Parker, was just 17 years old and making his first voyage on the open sea; however, he came from a seafaring family and had sailed extensively on inshore waters. On 5 July, sailing from Madeira to Cape Town, the Mignonette was sunk by a giant wave. Its crew escaped in the yacht’s dinghy but found themselves in a desperate situation...

Lifeboat ethics: Would you sacrifice one life to save many? HarvardX 2:24 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcKg7a3lNzw

🧑🏻‍🎓سئوال شمارۀ 8: حالا که کتابش را گذاشتم، اگر کشتی تفریحی کلاس شما بر اثر یک سانحه در نقطه ای پر از کوسه از اقیانوس که با نزدیک ترین خشکی هزاران کیلومتر فاصله دارد در حال غرق شدن باشد و قایق نجات کشتی شما هم به هیچ وجه گنجایش تمام دانشجویان کلاس را نداشته باشد، با استفاده از آنچه در درس اقتصاد سیاسی بین الملل مطالعه نموده اید با ذکر نام و نام خانوادگی توضیح دهید چه کسانی را قبل از غرق شدن کشتی سوار قایق های نجات می کنید و چرا؟

🍉🍌🍋🍊🍐🍎🍏🍇🍓🍈🍒🍑🥭🍍🥬🍦🍨🍧🥤🍹🍸🍷 راستی اصلا ناراحت نباشید، چیزی که عوض داره گله نداره، ماه رمضان تمام شد سر کلاس یه سری چیزهایی خوشمزه و مقوی میخوریم و به آنان که ماه رمضان در برابر دیدگان امت روزه دار کلاس قلپ فلپ آب خوردند نمیدیم، چندبار هم این کار را میکنیم! 🍉🍌🍋🍊🍐🍎🍏🍇🍓🍈🍒🍑🥭🍍🥬🍦🍨🍧🥤🍹🍸🍷

🌺🌷🌹💐🌺🌷🌹💐🌺🌷🌹💐🌺🌷🌹💐🌺🌷🌹💐 اللّهُمَّ اَهْلَ الْکِبْرِیاَّءِ وَالْعَظَمَهِ وَاَهْلَ الْجُودِ وَالْجَبَرُوتِ وَاَهْلَ الْعَفْوِ وَالرَّحْمَهِ وَاَهْلَ التَّقْوی وَالْمَغْفِرَهِ اَسْئَلُکَ بِحَقِّ هذَا الْیَومِ الَّذی جَعَلْتَهُ لِلْمُسْلِمینَ عیداً وَلِمُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّی اللّهُ عَلَیْهِ وَ الِهِ ذُخْراً وَشَرَفاً وَمَزِیْداً اَنْ تُصَلِّیَ عَلی مُحَمَّدٍ وَ الِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَاَنْ تُدْخِلَنی فی کُلِّ خَیْرٍ اَدْخَلْتَ فیهِ مُحَمَّداً وَ الَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَاَنْ تُخْرِجَنی مِنْ کُلِّ سُوَّءٍ اَخْرَجْتَ مِنْهُ مُحَمَّداً وَ الَ مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَواتُکَ عَلَیْهِ وَعَلَیْهِمْ اَللّهُمَّ اِنّی اَسْئَلُکَ خَیْرَ ما سَئَلَکَ مِنْهُ عِبادُکَ الصّالِحُونَ وَاَعُوذُ بِکَ مِمَّا اسْتَعاذَ مِنْهُ عِبادُکَ الْمُخلَصونَ 🌺🌷🌹💐🌺🌷🌹💐🌺🌷🌹💐🌺🌷🌹💐🌺🌷🌹💐